Managing Energy Sources Essay Example for Free

Managing Energy Sources Essay In today’s world were the rate of world’s possessions is deteriorating quickly. There is far added pressure on the factory managers to construct merchandise in a technique that supply greatest management of energy. I would like to choose Motkamills for my module project, which happens to be a paper mill which specialises in producing laminating paper. I have chosen this particular industry because of the fact, pulp for making paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Moreover they need to be environment friendly as eco-system needs to be in perfect balance for survival of humans. The use of energy monitoring and regulating process control systems can play a vital role in energy management and in reducing the demand of energy by this factory. These systems may include process such as sub-metering, monitoring, and control systems. They can drastically reduce the time required to perform complex tasks, often result in improved product quality and consistency of any particular and can optimize process operations. Figure adapted by an ISO publication. â€Å"Typically, energy and cost savings are around 5% or more for many industrial applications of process control systems. These savings apply to plants without updated process control systems; many pulp and paper mills may already have modern process control systems in place to improve energy efficiency† (Kramer, october 2009) . According to (Kramer, october 2009) increase energy savings further could be monetized by active energy monitoring teams and a through internal audit should be conducted by these teams. Specific energy savings and payback periods for overall adoption of energy monitoring and control systems vary greatly from plant to plant and company to company . A variety of process control systems are available for all kinds of industrial processes. Although energy management systems ideas are already widely spread in various industrial sectors, the performance of the systems can still be improved, which will help reduce costs. The energy saving process for 50 GPM of reclaimed water would roughly require about 100 to 200 square feet of common production space. Utility requirements would be compressed air. The estimate for total connected horsepower for the entire process would range from 15 to 20 HP. The operating and maintenance costs for this process would consist of electric power costs along with chemical purchases and maintenance costs. The water recycle process would have to be connected with and electrical load in the range of 15 to 20 horsepower. Based upon the number of times water recycled associated power requirements an annual cost of $7,500 would be incurred according to (O’Connor, October2006). The chemical consumption rates estimated from the test run of this process were found to be very repetitive. The annual cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation expenses extrapolated to an annual consumption rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulant and flocculants needed for the pilot testing. The annual cost is approximated at $16,000. If the fibre is recovered or dewatered further for disposal and the chemical treatment costs may be discounted as they are approximately same as to the chemical requirements for the treatment of the fibre and fillers needed for the waste treatment plant or the recovery of fibre through alternate technologies. According to (O’Connor, October2006) the maintenance costs for the equipment are very hard to estimate. Other miscellaneous repairs would be required for parts such as pumps, valves and instruments. For simplicity these cost are assumed to be annual maintenance cost of 2.5% of the capital equipment cost. This cost would be about $5,000. The process is designed to be fully automated. Daily tested by the mill’s lab staff to ensure proper operation. The chemical and operating cost should be lower as well. There should be a benefit in recovering the thickened stock from this stream for reusing in the mill and its value should clearly offset the reduction on thermal savings of the factory due to the implementation of water recycling process. â€Å"The most important raw materials used in a paper mill are pulp fibre, water, and thermal and electrical energy. Reduction in the use of any or all of  these raw materials can have a significant, positive impact on the economics of paper production and a mill’s bottom line profitability. Numerous commercially available technologies are currently used throughout the paper industry for the recovery of fibre and clarified water from mill white water.† (Romaro, september 2006). Heat recovery systems could also be utilized for minimizing thermal and electrical energy use. Nevertheless, all of these technologies are subject to a number of things such as performance, energy, efficiency, and reliability inadequacies. It is considered impossible to produce economical high clarity, â€Å" thermally rich water that may be substituted for fresh make-up water that typically requires heating to process-operating temperature† (Romaro, september 2006) this means that you would have to incur additional cost to recycle water which in turn will make you economically inefficient . As a result, with these present technologies, paper mills waste large quantities of thermal and electrical energy and often lose their productivity due to lower than desired process operating temperatures, which they are unable to recover from significant portions of their process water, wastewater, and pulp fibre. Companies all over the world are extremely conscious of their carbon footprints. More over European Union has aimed to stick to the Kyoto protocol. â€Å"According to the burden-sharing agreement between EU Member States, Finland is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to bringing national average annual emissions down to their 1990 level in the 2008–2012 periods.† (Ojala, 4 feburay 2011). Currently Motkamills has three production unit in Finland, for this to take place they need to be energy efficient as we know that fuel costs make up a larger proportion of the costs in any given factories, being energy efficient will not only bring down the operating costs for the year of the factory but also provide room for sustainable development. Bibliography Kramer, M. a. X., october 2009. Energy Efficiency Improvement and cost saving Opportunities for the pulp and the paper industry, s.l.: BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY . O’Connor, K., October2006. ENERGY EFFICIENT PAPER MILL PROCESS WATER AND WASTED PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER FOR REUSE AND FIBER RECOVERY, s.l.: The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). Ojala, J. a. C., 4 feburay 2011. Finland is implementing, s.l.: Ministry of the Environment, Finland. Romaro, B., september 2006. PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER, s.l.: NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY .

Batman :: essays research papers

The best part of Batman Begins was its ending... and I'm not being sarcastic. As I was watching the last scene of the movie, I wanted to jump out of my seat and cheer when Jim Gordon handed Batman the Joker playing card. It's been a while since I reacted with such glee at the promise of a sequel (usually it's more of, "hay nako, may part two pa yan!"). Yes, the movie was that good. Without question this is the best Batman movie ever made. Finally we have a film adaptation that shows the essence of who Batman is: not a superhero, but an ordinary guy (as ordinary as a billionaire playboy can be) doing extraordinary things in the name of justice. This is what sets Batman apart from all the Supermans and Spidermans out there (and what makes him my favorite comic book hero of all time): he is human, so very human, which makes him, and his fight for right, all the more real. That, and his perennial angst, which I can totally relate to. Haha. I wish I could meet director Chris Nolan so I could shake his hand for rescuing the Batman franchise from its shlock purgatory that was Schumacher-Land. Hats (and cowls) off to underappreciated actor Christian Bale, who filled in the Batsuit quite nicely (and his gravelly Batman voice was spot on!), but more importantly, he gave both Bruce Wayne and Batman true character. And of course I also applaud the excellent supporting cast of acting greats: Liam Neeson shows that he's not just wise old mentor material (the twist at the end surprised and impressed me-- who would have thunk it? Ra's al Ghul is IRISH!:p), Michael Caine shows why he's the obvious and really only choice to play wry, reliable Alfred, Morgan Freeman shows how an understated, classy performance can be memorable, and Gary Oldman shows an entirely new (at least new to me) facet of his acting prowess by turning in what I think is the real breakthrough performance in the movie. It was kind of freaky seeing someone who usu ally plays scary, psycho villains transform into gruff, kindly, future-commissioner Gordon. My only complaint about Batman Begins is that Katie Holmes is in it. Every time I see that infuriatingly irritating smirk on her face I want to slap her silly. I hated her as early as her Dawson's Creek days, and I hate her even more now that she and that jackass Tom what's-his-name are shoving their icky May-December romance in our faces.

Findings in Parthenotes Essay

The reason for the halted development is accounted for by a number of interesting findings that have been reported. This has been termed as genetic imprinting. Normally and naturally, the maternal and paternal genomes have been shown to be epigenetically different, and normal and successful development necessitates both the sets of genomes (Watt, 2007, 554-556). on the other hand, in activated eggs, also called parthenotes, the origin of all the genetic material is maternal, this implies that there is no imprinting from the paternal genome. It is a generally accepted fact that parthenotes do not develop a tropoectoderm neither do they develop any of the primitive endoderm and extraembryonic tissue. Therefore they are not compatible with life; they do not develop to term. They resemble ovarian teratodermoids and comprises only of embryonic tissues (Newman-Smith and Werb, 1995, 2069-2077). Calcium and Parthenotes Release of stored calcium ions in precise pulses plays a major role in egg activation. It is a recognized fact that fluctuations in free ionic Calcium concentration serves as chemical signal. (Rhoton-Vlasak, Lu, Barud, Dewald, and Hammitt, 1996, 793-796). Most cell types contain very similar calcium signaling mechanisms and elements. It appears from findings that calcium signals are apparently ubiquitous (Nanassy, Lee, Javor, and Machaty, 2008, 264-274). They can be demonstrated both in the somatic cell lines and also in the germ cell lines too. In view of this, it can be stated that the development from oocyte to early embryo is a pre determined sequence of events that occur concurrently in a linear and irreversible manner. There is no repetition whatsoever (Susko-Parrish, Leibfried-Rutledge, Northey, Schutzkus, and First, 1994, 729-739). Surprisingly, the context of each calcium signal is different in different set of events. There is thus a high probability that the Calcium ion which serve as signals in the oocytes and also, the embryo mirror changes in the state of the cell. They are the landmarks for monitoring the development of this cell. It can be said to represent the predetermined programmed events. (Wang, Wang, Yu, and Xu, 2008, 292-301). The process has not been completely demystified by science but some evidence points to the fact that Calcium ions function as second messengers in the oocyte cytoplasm. The ions cause the intracellular release of some other stored chemical mediators of this process. (Winston, Johnson, Pickering and Braude, 1991, 904-912). The initial release of the calcium ion would lead to the completion of the second meiotic division. Subsequent quantal releases of calcium ion would start up the process of cleavage. The fine details of the mechanisms involved are still not known. However, there are some pointers to the fact that the quantal Calcium ion release may be timed to be released at regular intervals for several hours. This is necessary for the activation of the egg. (Krivokharchenko et al. , 2003, 829-836). A mechanism is proposed: each timed release activates some steps that follow previous events and this also leads to the activation of subsequent steps processes (Niwa et al. , 2004, 1560-1567). Relation with Cell Cycle The cMos gives room for the continuation of meiosis from its arrested state. Oocytes that are deficient of this factor are readily activated. They are not so dependent on the firm regulation of the ionic Calcium. (Bos-Mikich, Whittingham, and Jones, 1997, 172-179). During, meiosis, a half of all the chromosomes in the second metaphase division are all removed as the second polar body. The other remaining chromosomes remain in the nucleus of the oocyte . the nucleus therefore contains only a half of the genome. The oocyte this carries a haploid nucleus. (Gardner and Davies, 2006, 492-502). As stated above, a discrepancy in the formation of the second polar body, which also translates to halving of the genetic material will lead to the persistence of all the shromosomes that are present in the second metaphase division. This in turn gives rise to a diploid cell. Ozil et al. , 2005, 39-54). (An unfertilized egg differs from a fertilized egg. Since this is a change in the state of the cell, the calcium signal is believed to bring in the changes the cell state. It can be stated as evidenced by the animal models that the calcium signal is sufficiently important in bringing about some or even most of the changes that take place. The other role that the sperm serves aside from triggering the transient calcium flux necessary for fertilization and providing a half of the genome is to make available centrosomes (Taylor and Braude, 1994, 2389-2397). The centrosome is increasingly regarded as the initiator of cell cycle. This action gives room for the duality that is required to divide the cell. The events at fertilization can therefore be viewed as events that are specific for fertilization proper including the ones that are related to the regulation of cell cycle (Gao, Czirr, Chung, Han, and Latham, 2004, 1162-1170). Sperm Incorporation When the sperm is incorporated, the following events occur. The cortical granules are extruded, the microvilli get elongated, superoxides are produced, and overall metabolic ctivity is heightened. The zona reaction that occurs in fertilization occurs due to exocytosis of the cortical granules, and this also develops fertilization envelope. These both arrest the entry of supernumerary sperm (Cibelli , Cunniff, and Vrana, 2006, 117- 135). The series of events are initiated directly by the ionic calcium changes present at fertilization. The subsequent events involve the participation of a variety o f proteins that are in control of the division of both unfertilized eggs and oocytes. (Rho, Wu, Kawarsky, Leibo, and Betteridge, 1998, 885-492). Both the normal cells and the oocytes of the various species have their meiotic division arrested at different points of the cycle. All the primitive germ cells have to produce secondary oocytes in order to mature. To be fertilized. The process involves a meiotic division. (Paffoni et al. , 2007, 77-82). This checkpoint mechanism keeps under surveillance the unattached chromosomes. This does not allow the onset of anaphase until all the chromosomes are securely fastened to the microtubules of the kinetochore. Mos, discussed earlier can influence and bypass this checkpoint mechanism, and this results in maintenance of metaphase arrest before fertilization; biochemically thus preventing degradation of the cyclins (Fulka, Jr, First, Fulka1, and Moor, 1999, 1582-1587). The calcium signal of fertilization appears not to immediately interact with the activity of Mos signaling. Rather, it assumes an alternative pathway that bypasses the checkpoint. It does this by stimulating cyclin degradation. This in turn, is mediated by calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated stimulation of cyclin ubiquitination. It goes further to stimulate the proteasome degradation machinery (Whitaker, 2006, 25-88). Germinal Vesicle Breakdown There exists a factor which can be transferred from the mature oocyte to the immature one. This leads to the breaking down of the germinal vesicle. This phenomenon is one of the few observations made that led to the discovery of the CDK/Cyclin Kinases. (Jones, 1998, 7). The female germ line cells grow and differentiate in the ovary, and during this time, they briefly pause within the process of meiosis that again with ovulation of the oocytes. The first stopping point of the oocytes in their cell cycle dues not differ from species to species, however, after fertilization, their second stopping points differ indeed vary (Lee and Campbell, 2006, 691-698). Meiosis is initially arrested at the interphase stage with the nuclear envelope (still intact) the structure that is germinal vesicle in the immature oocytes. This is where the exchange of genetic material occurs. Just as I mitosis, the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1/Cyclin B controls the activities of such intracellular organelles such as the nuclear envelope, spindle apparatus and even the nuclear chromatin. Salamone et al. , 2001, 1761-1768). The With the germinal vesicle breakdown, the activities of the cyclins increase. MAP kinase has a key role to play during meiosis, in addition. MAP kinase maintains the condensation of the chromatin in the interphase that intervenes the two meiotic divisions, where DNA synthesis is suppressed. This provides the cellular and biochemical environment for creation of the mature oocyte that remains haploid (Rogers et al. , 2006, 45-57). Inositol Phosphate The evidence points to a role for the InsP3 signaling system and transient calcium fluxes in the control of GVBD during meiosis. Calcium is a central figure in the control of this process including the fashion in which it progresses. Just as fertilization activates GVBD. (Higgins and Kane, 2003, 111-118). Fertilization calcium responses have been called termed explosions. After the process of fertilization, the oocyte calcium signaling mechanisms revert to a less vigorous mode. Mature follicles spontaneously starts growing as soon as they are removed from the ovarian stroma (Liu, Trimarchi, and Keefe, 2002, 204-210). Moreover, the growing component also becomes expressed on this removal; however, the non viable oocytes will fail to mature. The aforementioned calcium quantal release in exhibited in the mature oocytes, with a frequency of 1 min. this also occurs in growing follicles but the frequency is lower, at 5 min. however, non viable oocytes do not show this quantal relese This implies, cell cycle progression has a link with calcium pulses. (FitzHarris, Larman, Richards, and Carroll, 2005, 4563-4575). It was also demonstrated that immortal stem cells could be manipulated in vitro, providing the opportunity to study early development as well as lineage potential of derived progenitors in

The Vietnam War ( 1955-1975 ) - 1575 Words

This investigation focuses on the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and will explore the question: â€Å"To what extent did role of Vietnamese women in society change after the Vietnam War?† The investigation will focus on the years 1945-1987, to analyze their role prior to the war, as well as after. The first source to be evaluated is The Position of Women in Vietnam, written by Richard J. Coughlin in 1950. The origin of this source is valuable because it was written during the time period that this investigation focuses on, and therefore can give a comprehensive and correct description of the position of women in society prior to the war. Value in this origin also lies in the fact that Coughlin had three Vietnamese students read and critique this book before it was published. This ensures for a more accurate description of their role, as it was edited by students from the country the book is about. His book was republished by UNESCO, and distributed worldwide. UNESCO is a credible society, so knowing that they approved of this book makes it a stronger source. However, the origin is limited in that it was written in 1950, and therefore cannot give a description of women’s role in society after the period of the Vietnam War (1955-1975). It can only give a small piece of in formation from the time period the investigation focuses on (five years). The book’s purpose is to give an in-depth description of women s role in various aspects of society, such as legal position, and position inShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam859 Words   |  4 Pageshappened to everyone in the past called the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War is a war that between the Southern and Northern zones of Vietnam. In the early 1960’s, the United States was very worried about the situation in the South Vietnam. Therefore, the president Lyndon B. Johnson were starting to draft so many young people in the country to combat issues in the war with Vietnam. 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